art

CN

弗吉尼亚艺术博物馆(VMFA)

VMFA外景。

VMFA外景。

弗吉尼亚艺术博物馆(Virginia Museum of Fine Arts/VMFA)是美国中部及南部州份里最早的公立艺术博物馆之一,建立于1936年。博物馆坐落在里士满市区内,是北美洲最大的艺术博物馆之一。博物馆修建于一座内战时期的城堡的地基之上,并且在上世纪90年代进行了现代化的改建,形成了如今的建筑群。

博物馆外部花园。Artwork on view: Chloe, 2016; by Jaume Plensa (b. 1955).

博物馆外部花园。

Artwork on view: Chloe, 2016; by Jaume Plensa (b. 1955).

作为一个综合艺术博物馆,VMFA在该类别里面排名美国前十。博物馆的常规及永久展览部分免费向公众开放,同时博物馆也举办收费的限时特别展览。博物馆会员可以享受免费停车,免费进入特殊展览,以及商店折扣等优惠。VMFA及其临近的弗吉尼亚历史社会博物馆,共同组成了里士满“博物馆区”的核心部分。该区域是一个在Fan居住区域北部的历史城区,靠近Boulevard(林荫大道)以及Carytown这两个区域。

博物馆外外景,花园以及入口。

作为一个综合艺术博物馆,VMFA将其百科全书式的永久馆藏部分划分成数个不同的策展区域。这些区域包括:

African Art:
非洲艺术,包括来自中非及北非的馆藏文物。

American art:
美国艺术,包括经典,民间及大众艺术展品。

Ancient American art:
古代美洲艺术,包括来自印第安人及南美洲古代帝国的文物和艺术品。

Ancient art:
古代艺术,包括来自古代埃及,希腊,弗里吉亚,伊特鲁里亚,罗马和拜占庭帝国的文物和艺术品。

Art Nouveau and Art Deco: 
新艺术及装饰风艺术:这是博物馆的精品展区,包括了来自Hector Guimard,维也纳分离派(the Vienna Secession),Peter Behrens,和Frank Lloyd Wright的作品。

East Asian art:
东亚艺术:来自中国、日本和韩国的传统艺术品。

European art:
欧洲艺术:来自Bacchiacca,Murillo,Poussin,Rosa,Gentileschi,Goya 和 Bouguereau等人的经典及文艺复兴时期作品。

English silver:
英国银饰展览区。

Fabergé:
法贝热彩蛋:VMFA拥有世界上除俄罗斯之外最大的法贝热彩蛋馆藏,包括5枚沙俄帝国时期的复活节彩蛋。

The South Asian collection:
南亚艺术:来自印度,巴基斯坦,孟加拉,斯里兰卡,尼泊尔和西藏的艺术品。

Modern & Contemporary:
现代及当代艺术


一些馆藏作品。

Rotating Sphere (1968-69); Arnaldo Pomodoro (b. 1926);
Buddha Watching TV, 1974/1977; Nam June Paik (1932-2006);
American furniture art;
Art History Is Not Linear (VMFA), 2009; Ryan McGinness (b. 1972);

特殊展览:
除了常规馆藏展品外,VMFA还有特别的,通常是季节性的展览,展出来自馆内及其他博物馆的收藏,以及当下艺术家的作品。当前的特殊展览信息可以在 https://vmfa.museum/exhibitions/at-the-museum/ 查询。

博物馆内景。

VMFA向大众提供语音导游,家庭参观,青少年教育,艺术体验及图书馆等服务。博物馆也有面向当下活跃的艺术家及设计师的访问/客座艺术家项目。博物馆内还有公共花园和餐馆,并提供“欢乐时光”等折扣时间。在一些星期五的晚上,博物馆花园还会提供公共音乐会。


 

时间:
全年开放。
星期六到星期三: 10 am – 5 pm
星期四及星期五: 10 am – 9 pm
常规馆藏区免费入场。

会员年费:
个人 $60
双人/家庭 $95
学生 $10

地址:
200 N. Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23220

电话:
804.340.1400

图书馆开放时间:
星期一到星期五: 中午 – 5 pm

网站:
https://vmfa.museum

 

CN

Shockoe Bottom城市社区

从Church Hill观望的里士满城市天际线,近处为Shockoe Bottom, 远处为市中心。

从Church Hill观望的里士满城市天际线,近处为Shockoe Bottom, 远处为市中心。

Shockoe Bottom是里士满市区内历史最悠久的区域之一,这里的街区肌理仍然在很大程度上保留了陆军上校William Mayo在1737年作的里士满城市规划。Shockoe Bottom在里士满市中心和Church Hill(直译“教堂山”)之间,沿着James River(詹姆斯河)分布。它是一个长条型的城市社区,并且是如今市区内一个富有活力的居住,餐饮和夜生活娱乐中心。

Shockoe Bottom区域内的一个loft工作室/住宅混合体的室内景。

Shockoe Bottom区域内的一个loft工作室/住宅混合体的室内景。

在历史上,Shockoe Bottom是里士满的交通,经济和工业枢纽。随着弗吉尼亚州的州府搬迁至里士满,这一区域在18世纪末期开始发展。很快,这里就变成了一个繁忙的城市交汇之处,融合了来自铁路,运河,城市和旧Mayo马车桥的交通。值得一提的是,旧Mayo马车桥如今仍有桥墩留存。这些桥墩就在现今的14街跨河大桥之下,并且可以在布朗岛(Browns Island)步行桥上观看。18到19世纪的Shockoe Bottom是里士满的烟草业中心,同时这里也在美国历史上的奴隶交易里扮演了重要地位,直到内战结速为止。奴隶贸易带来的利润催生了美国南部的富裕白人阶层,并推动了里士满的经济。在战前,市内的15街被誉为南方的华尔街。

 

和 ShockoeBottom沿河条带并排的铁路桥。

和 ShockoeBottom沿河条带并排的铁路桥。

在Main Street火车站旁边的公路/铁路混合立交桥。

在Main Street火车站旁边的公路/铁路混合立交桥。

然而,在1865年4月,里士满被北方联军收复的前夜,原来的Shockoe Bottom区域被彻底摧毁了。撤退的南方邦联军点燃了这里的烟草仓库,大火从Shockoe Bottom开始蔓延,最终烧毁了当年25%的里士满城区。Shockoe Bottom在战后被迅速重建,建成了大部分保存至今的历史城区。战后的Shockoe Bottom仍然是里士满乃至美国南部的烟草业及交通中心,同时附近的美国联邦政府机构也为这里的商业带来了多样性。在建筑学上说,战后重建的建筑大多数属于英式意大利风格和维多利亚风格的商业变种,进入20世纪初,这里也加入了装饰艺术风格的建筑。Shockoe Bottom的烟草业最终在1960年前后被废弃,社区一度萧条。它的重新激活则发生在1980年之后,由数个艺术馆牵头,包括如今的1708艺术馆和Artspace艺术中心。

 

许多历史上的烟草仓库,包括不少拥有装饰艺术风格的个体,如今被改建成为了loft住宅。

如今,Shockoe Bottom的建筑主要用于饭店,零售商业,办公和居住的用途。近年来区内还增设了一个农贸市场。该区域仍然是里士满的休闲艺术区的一部分,它离现在的艺术中心Plant Zero很近,并且也拥有自己的阁楼式公寓(loft)和工作室式住宅(home studio)。一些旧的闲置烟草仓库仍然屹立在区域内,告诉着过往人流该地乃至整个里士满的多层历史印记。Shockoe Bottom如今有很多酒店式公寓,让其成为了一个便利而设施良好的城市居住区。这里也有不少出名的高品质餐馆,包括拥有河岸餐厅和酒吧的Boathouse at Rocketts Landing。其他出名餐馆包括Havana ‘59,Bottoms Up Pizza,River City Diner,Station 2,和Millie’s Diner等。Shockoe Bottom区域内的公共社区是一个运河公园。在这里,人们可以近距离参观城市的工业结构,尤其是那个火车站附近的著名的Shockoe Bottom五层立交桥 — 三条铁路和两条高速在此层叠,延伸到巨大的防洪墙的内外。新建筑和老建筑,殖民地风格和工业风格,大体量结构和小型空间,这些不同建筑风格的融合打造出Shockoe Bottom独特的空间美感。Shockoe Bottom同时也离Church Hill很近,在那里,人们可以观赏到整个里士满天际线的风光,包括了山上的一个微型自由女神像。

巨大的城市防洪墙,保护了Shockoe Bottom盘地和里士满市区不受詹姆斯河的周期性洪水的侵袭。

 

街区及餐馆照片

 

ENG

Shockoe Bottom

View of Shockoe Bottom and downtown Richmond from Church Hill.

View of Shockoe Bottom and downtown Richmond from Church Hill.

Shockoe Bottom is one of Richmond city’s oldest neighborhoods, as the street blocks and zonings remains largely identical to Colonel William Mayo's initial city plan of Richmond in 1737 . Shockoe Bottom locates between downtown Richmond and Church Hill, along the James River, creating a long slip riverside neighborhood. Today, the area is a bustling hub for city living, cuisine and nightlife.

A loft in Shockoe Bottom.

A loft in Shockoe Bottom.

Historically, Shockoe Bottom was a main transportation hub for Richmond city. The traffics, combining with the location, have established the area as the city's industrial and commercial center. Shockoe Bottom began developing in the late 18th century following the move of the state capital to Richmond. Soon the neighborhood became the busy intersection of railways, river and canal traffics, and city roads, including the old Mayo’s bridge. This wagon and pedestrian bridge was a key feature contributing to the neighborhood's thriving. And today, its remaining piers are still sitting next to the modern 14 Street bridge, which can be observed from Browns Island city park. Shockoe bottom was the center of Richmond’s and southern America's tobacco industry, It also played a major role in slavery in the United States before the end of the Civil War. Profits from the slave trades fueled the creation of wealth for Southern whites and drove the economy in Richmond, leading 15th Street to be known as "Wall Street of the South" before the war.

 

Railway alongside the Shockoe slip.

Railway alongside the Shockoe slip.

The mixed intersection of highways and railways near Main Street Train Station.

The mixed intersection of highways and railways near Main Street Train Station.

However, the original Shockoe Bottom was completely destroyed on the eve of the fall of Richmond to the Union Army in April 1865. The evacuating Confederate forces set fire to the tobacco warehouses. The fire spread from Shockoe Bottom, eventually destroyed 25% of the whole Richmond city. Shockoe Bottom was quickly rebuilt after the war, forming much of its present historic building stock. It was still the center of tobacco industry and railway intersections, while its proximity to many downtown federal government buildings also added diversity to the business. Architecturally, many of the buildings constructed during the rebuilding period are a commercial variant of the Italianate style. Coming to 19th and early 20th century, Art Deco and Victorian style buildings were added. The tobacco industry was eventually abandoned in the 1960s, followed by the decades-long decline of this ares. Shockoe Bottom was revitalization in the 1980s, lead by the stationing of several art galleries—incluidng what would be today’s 1708 Gallery and Artspace.  

 

Many historical tobacco warehouses and Art Deco style buildings are converted to lofts.

Today, the buildings in Shockoe Bottom are primarily restaurants, shops, offices, and apartments. A farmer’s market was also built in recent years. Shockoe Bottom is still part of the city’s recreational and creative area, being closed to Plant Zero—the current art center near downtown across James River. Some old unused tobacco warehouse still remains, reminding the passenger’s about the area’s and Richmond city’s history. Shockoe Bottom now has many high-end lofts, studios, and serviced apartments, making it a convenient and well-developed spot for urban living. This area also hosts several finest restaurants of the city, including the Boathouse at Rocketts Landing—featuring waterfront dinings and bars, as well as Havana ‘59, Bottoms Up Pizza, River City Diner, Station 2, and Millie’s Diner. A canal city park was added in the 1990s after the completion of the city's floor wall. In this highlighted area, people can walk around the old canals and admire the city's industrial and transportation complexes, especially the famous five-deck traffic intersection near the Main Street Train Station, This intersection has three railways and two highways, spreading inside and outside the massive concrete flood walls. The mix between old and new, colonial and industrial, massive and delicate, gives this area a unique architectural aesthetic. Shockoe Bottom is also close to Church Hill, another historical, well-maintained and charming neighbourhood, where one can observe the whole downtown Richmond city alongside with the unique miniature Statue of Liberty.

 

The floor wall that keeps Shockoe Bottom basin and Richmond downtown safe from Jame River's periodical flooding.

 

More Images: Shockoe Bottom streets and restaurants

 

ENG

Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (VMFA)

VMFA exterior.

VMFA exterior.

Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, or VMFA for short, is an art museum in Richmond, Virginia, which opened in 1936. The museum is owned and operated by the Commonwealth of Virginia, while private donations, funds and general supports are also used for the support of specific programs and acquisitions of artworks. Admission to the museum and its general collection is free, while the museum membership provides free parking, free admission for special exhibitions, shop discounts, and other benefits.

Museum garden.Artwork on view: Chloe, 2016; by Jaume Plensa (b. 1955).

Museum garden.

Artwork on view: Chloe, 2016; by Jaume Plensa (b. 1955).

VMFA is one of the first museums to be operated by state funds in the middle and south of America. It is also one of the largest art museums in North America. VMFA ranks as one of the top ten comprehensive art museums in the United States. The museum, together with the adjacent Virginia Historical Society, anchors the "Museum District" of Richmond, a historical area between Boulevard and Carytown in the upper Fan District.

VMFA exterior views, entrance and garden.

As a comprehensive art museum, VMFA has divided its encyclopedic, permanent collections into several broad curatorial departments as the galleries. They include:

African Art:
art from central and north Africa, before and after the colonial period.

American art:
classical, popular, and vernacular artworks from the United States.

Ancient American art:
art and relics from Indian Americans and pre-colonial South American empires.

Ancient art:
art and relics from ancient Egypt, Greece, Phrygian, Etruscan, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations.

Art Nouveau and Art Deco: 
the museum’s highlight, including artworks from Hector Guimard, the Vienna Secession, Peter Behrens, and Frank Lloyd Wright.

East Asian art:
art from Imperial China, Japan and Korea.

European art:
this collections has classical and Renaissance works by Bacchiacca, Murillo, Poussin, Rosa, Gentileschi, Goya,and Bouguereau.

English silver:
a collection of 18th and 19th century English silver works.

Fabergé:
the world's largest collection of Fabergé eggs outside of Russia, includes five Imperial Easter Eggs.

The South Asian collection:
works from what is today India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Tibet.

Modern & Contemporary


Example/highlighted artworks.

Rotating Sphere (1968-69); Arnaldo Pomodoro (b. 1926);
Buddha Watching TV, 1974/1977; Nam June Paik (1932-2006);
American furniture art;
Art History Is Not Linear (VMFA), 2009; Ryan McGinness (b. 1972);

Special Exhibitions:
In addition to the permanent collections, VMFA presents special, usually season-long exhibitions of artwork from its own and others' collections, and work of active artists. Check https://vmfa.museum/exhibitions/at-the-museum/ for details.

VMFA interiors.

The museum also provides tours, family visits, young education programs, art experiences, and libraries for the public. Museum fellowship and residence are available for active artists and designers. The museum garden and cafe provide public space, dining and happy hour specials. Friday night events take place in the garden as well, featuring a variety of musical performances from local and national artists.


Museum Hours
Open 365 days a year.
Saturday to Wednesday: 10 am – 5 pm
Thursday and Friday: until 9 pm
Free admission for general exhibitions

Membership (year subscription fee)
Individual $60
Dual/Family $95
Student $10

Address
200 N. Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23220

Information
804.340.1400

Library
Mon – Fri: noon – 5 pm

Website
https://vmfa.museum